Journal of Research in Educational Systems

Abstract  The present research was conducted with the aim of formulating a model of students' emotion regulation based on the relationship between academic resilience, coping strategies, metacognitive awareness and hardiness.
 The method was correlation. The statistical population of this research included high school students living in Fereydonshahr, Buin and Miandasht areas in the academic year 1400-1401, of which 402 samples were selected by convenience sampling method. Measurement tools in this research include Emotion Regulation Questionnaire  (ERQ, Gross & John, 2003), Academic Resilience Scale (ARS, Samuels, 2004), Multidimensional Coping Inventory (MCI) (Endler and Parker, 1990), Hardiness Scale (Kobasa, 1979) and Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (Schraw and Dennison, 1994).
Data analysis was done using SPSS-22 and LISREL-8 software and and the method of structural equation analysis and path analysis.
 The findings showed that the effect of resilience, metacognitive awareness and coping strategies on emotion regulation were positive and significant (p< 0.01) ; But the effect of strictness on emotion regulation was not significant (p> 0.01). Also, the effect of resilience on metacognitive awareness, coping strategies and hardiness was significant (p< 0.01) and the effect of hardiness on coping strategies was not significant (p> 0.01).
As a result, based on the research findings, it is possible to provide programs for training and strengthening the skills of coping strategies, metacognitive awareness and hardiness in order to improve students' emotion regulation and resilience. Also, more research is suggested to clarify the relationship between hardiness and emotion regulation and coping strategies.

Abstract Objective: Positive development in early childhood can be a starting point for improving the level of the child's abilities in his subsequent development periods. The aim this study was to identify the concepts of positive developments in childhood in the Iranian context and to design a training package based on.
Methods: A qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological strategy were employed. The participations consisted of parents, active educators, and professionals in this field in Tehran. In the beginning, 14 parents, early childhood educators, and experts who were selected using purposive sampling and responded to semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed and coded using the Strauss and Corbin method.
This analysis resulted in the development of a training package on positive development in early childhood.
Results: According to the findings of the research, eight main categories of contextual support, individual empowerment, rules and expectations, optimal time, motivation and learning, positive values, social and cultural competences and identity were extracted, and the training package is suitable for they were compiled. For its validation, two ratio coefficients and content validity index were used, and the coefficients in all items based on evaluation of ten experts, the CVI and the CVR index were higher than 0.79 and 0.62.
Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the positive development training package is based on developmental assets can strengthen children experiences and this would enable the child to achieve optimal growth and development in cognitive, social, and emotional areas, also being exposed to long-term positive outcomes.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present a model for the development of educational managers' skills in the era of the fourth industrial revolution.
Research method: The research method of this article is applied research in terms of its purpose and in terms of data collection method, it is a type of qualitative research of thematic analysis method. The statistical population of the research is specialists and experts in the field of educational management, curriculum planning, and technology management in the country in 1403. Research sampling method is also an available method. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview and the data analysis method is thematic analysis and three-stage coding.
Research findings: 44 indicators were extracted for the skills of educational managers in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. These indicators were divided into 8 components, which are: 1- Cognitive pre-skills, 2- Physical pre-skills, 3- Content skills, 4- Social skills, 5- Skills resource management, 6- system skills, 7- problem solving skills and technology skills. Also, 8 components were classified in three general dimensions or comprehensive concept. These three dimensions are 1- pre-skills, 2- basic skills and 3- functional skills.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it was determined that educational centers should be able to develop the pre-skills and skills of educational managers in order to realize their efficiency and effectiveness in accordance with the era of the fourth industrial revolution.

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness training based on the poetry of Hafez on the comprehension of Persian literature among second-grade high school students.
Method: The research method was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and a control group. The statistical population included female high school students in the field of literature and humanities in district 5 of Tehran during the 2023-2024 academic year. A convenience sampling method was used to select 30 students, who were then divided into two groups of 15. The experimental group received a mindfulness training package based on Hafez's poetry (Mohseni Hanjani, 2025) for 10 sessions, each lasting 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training. A Persian literature comprehension test was conducted before and after the training period for both groups. The data were analyzed using a univariate analysis of covariance test and SPSS28 software.
Results: The results indicated a positive impact of mindfulness training on students' comprehension of Persian literature. This training helped enhance their analytical skills and comprehension, leading to increased learning. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the mean scores of the experimental and control groups were significantly different, with the mean of the experimental group being higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that mindfulness training can be utilized as an effective tool in enhancing the reading comprehension of Persian literature among students. Based on this, teachers and educational planners are recommended to incorporate mindfulness techniques into their curricula and use them to create a dynamic and interactive classroom environment. This initiative can improve the quality of learning.
 

Abstract Given that one of the most important roles in schools is that of the school counselor, and the training of counselors at Farhangian University is of critical importance, the aim of this research was to identify the challenges and issues in the field of counseling and guidance based on the lived experiences of professors and teacher-students in this field. This research was conducted using a qualitative and phenomenological approach, employing semi-structured interviews. The sampling method was purposive, and after interviewing 10 counseling teacher-students and 10 professors, data saturation was achieved. The data were coded using Strauss and Corbin's method. The findings included 152 open codes, 10 axial codes, and 4 selective codes, which were extracted as the main challenges of the counseling field in the educational system and at Farhangian University. The results indicated that the key challenges in the field of guidance and counseling at Farhangian University and within the educational system are individual challenges, academic challenges, organizational challenges, and cultural and local challenges. Individual challenges refer to personal issues that counseling teacher-students face. Academic challenges pertain to the theoretical and practical courses for teacher-students. Organizational challenges are related to undefined or ambiguous structures within this field. Finally, cultural and local challenges involve the attitudes of school staff and parents towards counseling services.

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to structurally analyze the relationship between social capital and innovative behaviors of education staff in East Azerbaijan province with the mediating role of authentic leadership characteristics.
Methods: The present study, from the perspective of applied purpose and from the perspective of data collection method, was a cross-sectional survey of correlation type and based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study is all the staff of the education departments of East Azerbaijan province, numbering 1386 people, and the sample size was extracted using the gamma-exponential method, with 234 people; while three questionnaires of innovative work behavior (Janssen, 2000), social capital (Putnam, 1999), and authentic leadership (Avolio et al., 2006) were analyzed using SPSS24 and smart PLS3 software.
Results: There is a significant positive relationship at the 95% confidence level between social capital and innovative behaviors (β=0.724), between social capital and authentic leadership characteristics (β=0.720), and also between authentic leadership characteristics and innovative behaviors (β=0.413). In addition, the mediating role of authentic leadership characteristics in the relationship between social capital and innovative behaviors was confirmed.
Conclusion: To promote social capital in the organization, managers should facilitate mutual benefits by creating the necessary platform for constructive interactions between members of the organization through trust-building and cooperation. Also, managers can employ an authentic leadership style by establishing a deep and honest relationship with employees in the organization and creating value for them, thereby helping to encourage employees to be innovative.

Abstract Since the administration of affairs related to compiling, revising, changing and approving curricula in Iran's higher education follows a spectrum between a centralized approach and a semi-centralized approach, hence the activity of the educational systems, especially the higher education system, in line with The management of environmental crises is influenced by the policies and ideals of macro and upstream levels. Based on this, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the amount of attention paid to the goals and concepts of green education in digital documents that have an effect on higher education, using the qualitative method of document analysis. In this research, four long-term, medium-term and short-term upstream documents of the country were examined using content analysis. The results of the present research indicate that the concepts of green education have been paid attention to to a great extent in the hand-held documents, but the amount of attention to these matters is reduced at micro levels. In other words, attention to the ideals and goals of green education at operational levels becomes less. Therefore, the proposal of this research is to establish and establish an institution consisting of experts and experts in the field of green education in order to prepare and formulate operational strategies for the implementation of goals and policies in the field of green education.