The Effectiveness of Teaching Religious Concepts on Self-Esteem of Elementary School Students

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Consultation Group, Faculty of Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching religion-based spiritual concepts on self-esteem of elementary school students using a single-case experimental design with one month follow-up. After sampling from the community, three female primary school students who had poor or moderate self-esteem were selected in a targeted manner and received spiritual interventions for 13 sessions. In order to collect data, Alice Pop (1989) self-esteem questionnaire was used and data were analyzed by graphical analysis and determination of recovery rate. At the end of the interventions, the results of the recovery percentage of all three references indicated a significant increase in their scores in social and general self-esteem. Participants' scores increased in three dimensions of physical, educational, and family self-esteem after interventions, which indicates a positive effect of spirituality-centered education. Due to the greater resistance of these dimensions to teach, increasing the duration of interventions and involving family and school in the intervention process, a significant clinical development will be created in this dimension. Based on the results, it can be said that the teaching of religion-based spiritual concepts has influenced various aspects of self-esteem and significantly increased the social and general self-esteem of participants.

Keywords


اسکیرالدی، گ. (1947). راهنمای عملی عزت‌نفس (ترجمه اصغر فروغ الدین عدل و نوشین شاکری). (1391). تهران: روان.
انصاری نژاد، ن. (1391). تحلیل بزهکاری نوجوانان کانون اصلاح و تربیت تهران. مجله­ی رفاه اجتماعی، 12(45)، 365-386.
براندن، ن. (1930). روان‌شناسی عزت‌نفس (ترجمه­ مهدی قراچه داغی). (1394). تهران: نخستین.
بیابانگرد، ا. (1390). روش­های افزایش عزت‌نفس درکودکان و نوجوانان. تهران: انجمن اولیا و مربیان.
تولیتی، ز. (1390). تبیین نقش عزت‌نفس و پیشینه‌ی تحصیلی در عملکرد تحصیلی دانشجویان دانشگاه‌های دولتی شهر تهران. فصلنامه‌ی پژوهش در نظام‌های آموزشی، 5(12)، 109-128.
جنکینز، پ. (2008). آموزش و تربیت معنوی کودکان. (ترجمه زهرا غلامی، مریم بوالهری و سهیلا منیری جاوید). (1394). تهران: دانژه.
خزعلی، ا. (1388). اسلام و مبانی تکوین شخصیت سالم. فصلنامه اندیشه. 15(5 و 6)، 115-144.
دلاور، ع. (1393). مبانی نظری و عملی تحقیق در علوم انسانی و اجتماعی. تهران: رشد.
عسکری، م.؛ حیدری، ع. و عسگری، پرویز. (1394). رابطه‌ی هوش معنوی و جهت‌گیری مذهبی با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی و اضطراب وجودی در دانشجویان. فصلنامه‌ی پژوهش در نظام‌های آموزشی، 9(31)، 163-190.
غفاری، ا.؛ رمضانی، خ. (1373). هنجاریابی آزمون پنج مقیاسی عزت‌نفس کودکان و نوجوانان آلیس پوپ برای دانش­آموزان دبیرستانی شهر تهران. پایان‌نامه‌ی کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، دانشکده­ی روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، گروه روان‌شناسی تربیتی.
کرین، و. (1943). پیشگامان روان‌شناسی رشد (ترجمه فربد فدایی). (1394). تهران: اطلاعات.
گال، م؛ بورگ و؛ گال، ج. (2005). روش‌های تحقیق کمی و کیفی در روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی (ترجمه احمدرضا نصر، حمیدرضا عریضی، محمود ابوالقاسمی، خسرو باقری، محمدحسین علامت ساز، محمدجعفر پاک‌سرشت، علی دلاور، علیرضا کیامنش، غلامرضا خویی نژاد). (1393). تهران: نشر سمت.
گلدنبرگ، ا.؛ گلدنبرگ، ه. (2015). خانواده‌درمانی (ویرایش هشتم). (ترجمه مهرداد فیروزبخت). (1394). تهران: رسا.
وست، و. (2004). روان‌درمانی و معنویت. ترجمه شهریار شهیدی و سلطانعلی شیرافکن (1383). تهران: رشد.
وفایی، ط. (1391). بررسی رابطه­ی بین مسئولیت­پذیری و اضطراب امتحان در دانش­آموزان. ششمین همایش بین‌المللی روان‌پزشکی کودک و بزرگ‌سال
Cooper Smith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: Freeman.
Deputy, M., Devivo, J., Fasolo, N., lones, L., & Martin, D. (2016). Spiritual Attitudes and V alues in Y oung Children. Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2(1), Article 11.
Du, H., Bernardo, A. B., & Yeung, S. S. (2015). Locus-of-hope and life satisfaction: The mediating roles of personal self-esteem and relational self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences. 83, 228-233.
Elias, A. C., Ricci, M. D., Rodriguez, L. H., Pinto, S. D., Giglio, J. S., & Baracat, E. C. (2015). The biopsychosocial spiritual model applied to the treatment of woman with breast cancer, through RIME intervention(relaxation, mental images, spirituality). Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 21, 1-6.
Fanaj, N., Melonashi, E., & Shkembi, F. (2015). Self-esteem and hopelessness as predictors of emotional difficulties: A cross-sectional study among adolescents in Kosovo. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 165, 222-233.
Hale, W. J., Perrotte, J. K., Baumann, M. R., & Garza, R. I. (2015). Low self-esteem and positive beliefs about smoking: A destructive combination for male college students. Journal of Addictive Behaviors. 46, 94-99.
Hogan, M. J. (2009). On spirituality and education. Journal of Thinking Skills and Creativity, 138-143, 4.
Jones, A. S., Laliberte, T., & Piescher, K. N. (2015). Defining and strengthening child well-being in child protection. Journal of Children and Services Review. 54, 57-70.
Kamitsis, I., & Francis, A. J. (2013). Spirituality mediates the relationship between engagement with narure and psychological wellbeing. Journal of inviroment Psychology. 36, 136-143.
Kang, P. P., & Romo, L. F. (2011). The role of religious involvement on depression, risky behavior, and academic performaance among Korean American adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 767- 778.
Lamis, D. A., Wilson, C. K., Shahane, A. A., & Kaslow, N. J. (2014). Mediarors of the childhood emotional abuse- Hopelessness association in African American women. Child Abuse & Neglect. 38, 1341-1350.
Lucette, A., Ironson, G., Pargament, K. I., & Krause, N. (2016). Spirituality and Religiousness are Associated With Fewer Depressive Symptoms in Individuals With Medical Conditions. Journal of Psychosomatics, 2-9.
Mitrofan, I., & Constantin, V. (2015). The Effects of Creative Improvisation through Literature Technique on self-esteem, in a Unifying Personal Development Group. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 187, 575-579.
Moritz, S., Kelly, M. T., Xu, T. J., Toews, J., & Rickhi, B. (2011). A spirituality teaching program for depression:Qualitative findings oncognetive and emotional change. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 19, 201-207.
Negovan, V., Sterian, M., & Martin, O. P. (2015). Interparental relationships and preparatory class children's self-esteem and self-efficacy. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 637-641.
Noordstar, J. J., Net, J., Jak, S., Helders, P. J., & Jomgmans, M. J. (2016). Global self-esteem, perceived Athletic competence, and physical activity in children: A longitudinal cohort study. Pychology of Sport and Exercise, 83-90.
Park, K. M., & Park, H. (2015). Effects of Self-esteem Improvement Program on Self-esteem and Peer Attachment in Elementary School Children With Observed Problematic Behaviors. Asian Nursing Research. 9, 53-59.
Rasic, D. T., Belik, S. L., Elias, B., Katz, L. Y., Ennes, M., & Sareen, J. (2009). Spirituality, religion and suicidal behavior in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Affective Disorders.114, 32-40.
Rasic, D., Robinson, J. A., Bolton, J., Bienvenu, O. J., & Sareen, J. (2011). Longitudinal relationships of religious worship attendance and spirituality with major depression, anxiety disorders, and suicidal ideation and attempts: Findings from the Baltimore epidemologic catchment area study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 848-854.
Ratcliff, D. (2004). Children spirituality:Christian Perspectives, Research, and Applications. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Tsaousis, I. (2016). The relationship of self-esteem to bullying perpetration and peer victimization among schoolchildren and adolescents: A meta-analytic. Aggression and Violent Behavior.
Ysseldyk, R., Haslam, A. S., & Morton, T. A. (2016). Stairway to heaven? (Ir)religious identity moderates the effects of immersion in religious spaces on self-esteem and self-perceived physical health. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14-21.
HYPERLINK "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Yonker%20JE%5 BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21920596" Yonker, J.E., HYPERLINK"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Schnabelrauch%20CA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21920596"Schnabelrauch, C. A., &  HYPERLINK "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /?term=Dehaan%20LG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21920596"
Dehaan, L. G. (2012). The relationship between spirituality and religiosity on psychological outcomes in adolescents and emerging adults: a meta-analytic review. Journal of adolescence, 299- 314.