Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Corresponding Author, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University. Tehran Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University. Tehran Iran.

3 M.A, Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University. Tehran Iran.

10.22034/jiera.2024.409224.3026

Abstract

Objective:The stress of academic expectations is the main cause of stress among students. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of school anxiety in the relationship between academic perfectionism and academic self-concept with academic expectations stress.
Methods:The descriptive research method was correlation. A sample consisting of 390 students (289 girls, 101 boys) from three grades (7th, 8th, 9th) from public first secondary schools in one district of Shiraz were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and responded to Academic expectations stress Inventory (Ang & Huan, 2006), academic perfectionism of Rasouli Soli and Bahrami (2015), School self-concept Inventory (Chen & Thompson, 2004) and school anxiety Scale (Philips, 1987).
Results: Data analysis using the structural equation model showed that academic perfectionism and academic self-concept have a significant positive and negative direct effect on the stress of academic expectations, respectively. Also, the results showed that school anxiety does not have a significant direct effect on the stress caused by academic expectations, so it cannot play a mediating role in the relationship between academic perfectionism and academic self-concept with the academic expectations stress.
Conclusion: In general, to reduce the stress caused by academic expectations in students, it is better to focus on strengthening self-concept and academic perfectionism and effective ways to deal with stress.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Afriandani, D. I., & Hernawati, N. (2019). The Effect of Parental Involvement and Academic Self Concept on Academic Stress of Adolescents in Rural and Urban Areas. Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, 79.
Afsharizadeh, E., Karsheki, H., & Naserian, H. (2014) Examining the psychometric characteristics of the academic self-concept questionnaire of primary school students in Tehran. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Psychological Methods and Models, 3(11) 53-66. [in Persian]
Akhundi, M. (2019). Prediction of exam anxiety based on initial maladaptive schemas and stress among male undergraduate students of Payam Noor University, Hamedan Center. Master's thesis [in Persian]
Ali Mardi, M., & Farmer, R. (2023). Teaching structural equations for thesis. Tehran: Dibagaran Publications [in Persian]
Alikhani, M., & Khalatbari, J. (2022). Predicting the effect of family assessment on behavioral disorders with mediated by self-concept in adolescents. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 28(11), 24-34
Ang, R. P., & Huan, V. (2006). Academic expectations stress inventory: Development, factor analysis, reliability, and validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 522- 539.
Ang, R. P., Klassen, R. M., Chong, W. H., Huan, V. S., Wong, I. Y., Yeo, L. S., & Krawchuk, L. L. (2009). Cross-cultural invariance of the academic expectations stress inventory: Adolescent samples from Canada and Singapore. Journal of adolescence, 32(5), 1225-1237
Bogardus, J., Armstrong, E. S., VanOss, T., & Brown, D. J. (2022). Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Perfectionism Among Graduate Students in Health Sciences Programs. Journal of Allied Health, 51(1), pp. 15E-25E(11)
Chen, Y. H., Thompson, M. S. (2004). Confirmatory Factor analysis of school self-concept inventory.Collected in the database of education Resourses information center.
Chiu, K., Clark, D. M., & Leigh, E. (2021). Cognitive predictors of adolescent social anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 137(17), 1038-1042.
Christman, E. (2012). Understanding maladaptive perfectionism in college students. Nurse Educator, 37(5), 202-205.
Collin, V., O’Selmo, E., & Whitehead, P. (2020). Stress, psychological distress, burnout and perfectionism in UK dental students. British Dental Journal, 229(9), 605-614.
Damavandi, N. K. (2019). Examining the relationship between academic perfectionism and learning quality, anxiety and academic failure of students of Sampad and normal schools. Master's thesis in the field of educational sciences, training and improvement of human resources. Babol Institute of Higher Education [in Persian]
Efobi, U. I., & Okigbo, E. C. (2022). Relationship Between Academic Self-Concept And Academic Achievement Of Secondary School Students In Biology In Anambra State. Southeastern Journal Of Research And Sustainable Development (Sejrsd), 6(2), 84-100.
Endleman, S., Brittain, H., & Vaillancourt, T. (2022). The longitudinal associations between perfectionism and academic achievement across adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(2), 91-100.
Fatemi, M., Bakhtiyarpour, S., Pasha, R., & Hafizi, F. (2023). Social anxiety prediction model based on perfectionism and social self-efficacy with the mediation of cognitive distortions in boys and girls. Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 13(4), 202-187 [in Persian]
Gerjinpour, F., & Barzegar, M. (2023). The effectiveness of self-efficacy training on the cognitive regulation of emotion and academic stress of second year high school female students. Women and Society Scientific-Research Quarterly, 13(49), 105-118 [in Persian]
Gibler, R. C., Beckmann, E. A., Lynch-Jordan, A. M., Kashikar-Zuck, S., & Mano, K. E. J. (2019). Characterizing social and academic aspects of school anxiety in pediatric chronic pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 35(7), 625-632.
Gilham, L., & Leonthal, B. (2018). The Relationship between School Affect and Self-Concept with Guiding the Job Path: A Study among Female Students. Quarterly Journal of Academic Achievement, 14(3), 620-600.
Gonzálvez, C., Díaz-Herrero, Á., Sanmartín, R., Vicent, M., Fernández-Sogorb, A., &   García-Fernández, J. M. (2020). Testing the functional profiles of school refusal behavior and clarifying their relationship with school anxiety. Frontiers in Public Health, 885.
Hafeez, M., Saira, S., & Ijaz, A. (2022). Relationship between parental anxiety and students’ academic stress at secondary level. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 14(1), 26-42.
Hakim, A. L., Fajri, M. B., & Faizah, E. N. (2022). Evaluation Of Implementation Of MBKM: Does Academic Stress Affect On Student LearningOutcomes?. International Journal of Educational Research and SocialSciences (IJERSC), 3(1), 1-16.
Hansen, K., & Henderson, M. (2019). Does academic self-concept drive academic achievement?. Oxford Review of Education, 45(5), 657-672.
Hashemi, L., Latifian, M., Hossein Chai, M., & Fouladcheng, M. (2013). Examining the mediating role of homework value in the relationship between positive and negative perfectionism and academic procrastination. Research in educational systems, 7(21), 19-42 [in Persian]
Ho, M. C., Lee, C. Y., Pang, K. Y., Ooi, P. B., & Keoy, K. H. (2022). AcademicStress and Anxiety Among Undergraduate Students in Malaysia. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 7(46), 98-109
Hovsepian S, Qorbani M, Asadi M, Hatami M, Motlagh ME, Mahdavi-Gorabi A, et al. (2019). Socioeconomic Inequalities in Quality of Life in Iranian Children andAdolescents: The Weight Disorder Survey of the CASPIAN-IV Study. J Res Health Sci., 19(3), e00451.
Ibrahim, M., & Syamsuri, C. S. (2018, July). Academic perfectionism among adolescents: A qualitative study. In Universitas Indonesia International Psychology Symposium for Undergraduate Research (UIPSUR 2017) (pp. 116-123). Atlantis Press.
Islami, F. (2019). The relationship between academic identity, academic self-concept and the meaning of education with students' academic stress. Master's thesis. Department of General Psychology, Ardabil Islamic Azad University [in Persian]
Keshtvarz Kendazi, E., Salehi, M. R., & Esmaili, B. (2021). The effectiveness of teaching metacognitive strategies on the concept and academic performance of students. Education Research, 6(21), 17-31[in Persian]
Keshtvarzkandazi, E. (2019). Education and training of the future according to the above documents. Tehran: Taimaz Publications [in Persian]
KeshtvarzKendazi, E., Sohrabi, N., & Esmaili, B. (2022). Explaining the causal model of student truancy based on mindfulness and academic self-concept. Journal of Teaching and Learning Studies, 13(2), 218-240 [in Persian]
Khalaila, R. (2015). The relationship between academic self-concept, intrinsic motivation, test anxiety, and academic achievement among nursing students: Mediating and moderating effects. Nurse education today, 35(3), 432-438.
Kim, I., & Ahn, J. (2021). The Effect of Changes in Physical Self-Concept through Participation in Exercise on Changes in Self-Esteem and Mental Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5224.
Koçak, L. (2020). Investigation of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and academic expectations stress among high school students. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 10(57), 321-342.
Kordi, F. (2020). Prediction of academic perfectionism based on academic self-concept and attitude towards e-learning in university students of Golestan province. Master's thesis [in Persian]
Lee, M., & Larson, R. (2000). The Korean ‘examination hell’: Long hours of studying, distress, and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 249-271.
Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343-350
Levey, E. K., Garandeau, C. F., Meeus, W., & Branje, S. (2019). The longitudinal role of self-concept clarity and best friend delinquency in adolescent delinquent behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(6), 1068-1081
Malik, S., & Ghayas, S. (2016). Construction and Validation of Academic Perfectionism Scale: Its Psychometric Properties. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 31(1).
Maliki, M. (2020). The effect of emotional release techniques on school anxiety, perceived stress and quality of life at school in anxious female students of the first grade of the first secondary school in Ahvaz. Master's thesis in educational psychology. Chamran martyr of Ahwaz University [in Persian]
Mansouri, S. (2019). Examining the relationship between self-concept related to school and perception of competence with school anxiety in elementary school children of Agh Qola city (dissertation for receiving a master's degree in psychology). Shams Gonbad Higher Education Institute [in Persian]
Mazza, M. G., De Lorenzo, R., Conte, C., Poletti, S., Vai, B., Bollettini, I., ... & COVID-19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study Group. (2020). Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 89, 594-600.
Mhaidat, F., & Oudat, M. (2021). Parental Expectations And Theirrelationship With Academic Engagement and Academic Achievement Among Hashemite University Students. Multicultural Education, 7(9), 365-369.
Mohammadi, A., GHadampour, E., Mirdrikund, F., & Sepahvandi, M. A. (2022). Presenting a causal model of the relationship between school affect and state academic motivation guided by career path: the mediating role of academic self-concept. Developmental Psychology, 10(2), 91-102 [in Persian]
Momeny, z. (2020). The Effective Of Self-Concept On The Academic Stress And Resilience Of International Students In Near East University (Near East University Graduate School Of Social Sciences General Psychology Program, Master Thesis). Nicosia.
Moradizadeh, S., Viskarmi, H. A., Mirdrikvand, F., Ghadampour, E., Ghazanfari, F. (2020). Investigating and comparing the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy and reality therapy on reducing perfectionism and academic stress in gifted female students. Psychology of exceptional people, 9(34), 79-110 [in Persian]
Morony, S., Kleitman, S., Ping Lee, Y., & Stankov, L. (2013). Predicting Achievement: Confidence vs Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, and Self-concept in  Confucian and European Countries. International Journal of Educational Research ̧ 58  ̧79–96.  
Narasimhan, P. (2018). Self-concept and achievement motivation as a predictor of academic stress among high school students of ICSE Board, Chennai. Indian Journal of Psychological Science, 10(1), 77-84.
Pandey, D. (2016). Self-concept and academic stress among boys and girls students. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 7(5), 540-542.
Papalia, D. E., Old, S.W & Feldman, R. D. (2008). Human Development (Psikologi Perkembangan). Jakarta: Kencana.
Pascoe, M. C., Hetrick, S. E., & Parker, A. G. (2020). The impact of stress on students in secondary school and higher education. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 104-112.
Phillips, B. N. (1978). School stress and anxiety: Theory, research, and intervention. New York: Human Science Press.
Portaleb, N., & Mirnasab, M. (2018). The relationship between the degree of disappointment and academic self-concept with the test anxiety of sixth grade female students. Education and Evaluation, 11(43), 13-27. [in Persian]
Povedano-Diaz, A., Muñiz-Rivas, M., & Vera-Perea, M. (2020). Adolescents’ life satisfaction: The role of classroom, family, self-concept and gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 19.
Rasouli Sohri, F., & Bahrami, M. (2017). Construction and standardization of academic perfectionism questionnaire in Iranian students. Specialized Quarterly Journal of Psychology, 5(17), 54-45 [in Persian]
Riaz, H., Shah, S. A., & Tariq, A. A. (2022). Impact of Academic Self-concept and Self-regulated Learning on Academic Achievement of Students. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review, 2(2), 18-26.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). One becoming a person. In: Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Saha, D. (2017). Every hour, one student commits suicide in India. Hindustan Times. Available online: http://www. hindustantimes.com/health-and-fitness/every-hour-one-student-commits-suicide-in-india/story7UFFhSs6h1HNgrNO60FZ2O.html (accessed on 4 November 2021).
Sangma, Z. M., Shantibala, K., Akoijam, B. S., Maisnam, A. B., Vizovonuo, V., &Vanlalduhsaki. (2018).   Perception of Students on Parental and Teachers’ Pressure on their Academic Performance. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS), 17(1), 68-75.
Sheikh al-Islami, A. (2023). Predicting students' academic vitality based on academic support and academic self-concept. Research in Educational Systems, 16(57), 51-61[in Persian]
Stevenson, J., & Akram, U. (2022). Self-critical thinking mediates the relationship between perfectionism and perceived stress in undergraduate students: a longitudinal study.
Talha, M. A., Qi, X., & Rizwan, M. (2020). Cultural Impact of Perceived Parental Expectations on Students’ Academic Stress. Annals of Social Sciences and Perspective, 1(2), 53-65.
Tan, J. B., & Yates, S. (2011). Academic expectations as sources of stress in Asian students. Social Psychology of Education, 14(3), 389-407.
Usman, O., & Zeta, D. (2022). Relationship Between Social Support, Problem-Focused Coping, and Anxiety Level on Academic Stress Level. Problem-Focused Coping, and Anxiety Level on Academic Stress Level (June 10, 2022).
Vicent, M., Gonzálvez, C., Sanmartín, R., Fernández-Sogorb, A., Cargua-García, N. I., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2019). Perfectionism and school anxiety: More evidence about the 2× 2 model of perfectionism in an Ecuadorian population. School Psychology International, 40(5), 474-492.
Wafa, Sh., Bagheri, N., Mojtabai, M., & Abul Ma'ali al-Husseini, Kh. (2019). Testing the causal relationships of academic anxiety based on the perception of the classroom environment with the mediation of coping styles in students. Research in educational systems, 13(44), 53-69 [in Persian]
Xing, Y., & Cheong, L. S. (2021). The Relationship Between Perfectionism and Perceived Stress among Undergraduates: The Role of Mindsets. Journal ofAdvanced Research in Social Sciences, 4(2), 1-13
Yahyazadeh Darzi, M., Hosseinzadeh, B., Kiapur, A. (2020). Modeling the structural relationships of academic perfectionism with the mediation of spiritual intelligence on students' academic progress anxiety. Education Quarterly, 36(3), 53-70 [in Persian]
Yonesi, S., Hatami, M., Salahian, A. (2022). Effectiveness of group schema therapy in academic perfectionism and its components in female students. New Psychological Research Quarterly, (63) 16 [in Persian]
Yu, J. H., Chae, S. J., & Chang, K. H. (2016). The relationship among self-efficacy, perfectionism and academic burnout in medical school students. Korean Journal of Medical Education, 28(1), 49.
Zhang, C., Shi, L., Tian, T., Zhou, Z., Peng, X., Shen, Y., ... & Ou, J. (2022). Associations between academic stress and depressive symptoms mediated by anxiety symptoms and hopelessness among Chinese college students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 547-556.